Synopsis
The conquest of Jerusalem by the Mohammedans,1 and the insults offered to the most sacred memories of
the Christian world, roused such a feeling of shame and indignation throughout
Christendom, but especially in Western Europe, that a series of wars, called
crusades, from the cross which was worn by all partici-pants as a badge, was
undertaken for the purpose of reconquering Palestine. The chief motive power in
this movement was at first pure religious enthusiasm, helped on, it may be, by
the ample ecclesiastical indulgences and great social exemptions which were
granted to all who took the cross; and the idea which precipitated whole
nations like a rushing stream towards the Holy Land, no doubt continued to be
the principal impulse in many a noble heart. But gradually the restless and
adventurous spirit of the age, which, in this fight for the glory of God, found
satisfaction for its coarsest cravings without any disturbance of its gross
superstition, transformed the religious contest about the Holy Land into a
romantic tournament between the Christian knight and the Moslem warrior; and
finally political ambition and commercial greed degraded the whole undertaking
into a mere means of intrigue, speculation, and fraud. The number of these wars
is seven; but there were several minor expeditions, such as the premature
rushing-owards under Peter the Hermit, the Children's Crusade, etc., which are not counted,
because they miscarried at the very outset.
1 An
inaccurate, offensive and obsolete name for Muslims. It should not be used by
modern writers.
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